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Cowlitz County does not appeal.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
EDDIE BLOOR and EVA BLOOR, husband
and wife,
No. 35740-2-II
Respondents,
v.
ROBERT A FRITZ and CHARMAINE A.
FRITZ, and the marital community comprised
thereof; LANCE MILLER, a single person;
ALLEN & ASSOCIATES; WINDERMERE
REAL ESTATE SERVICE CO., a Washington
corporation,
PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellants.
And
COWLITZ COUNTY, a political subdivision of
the State of Washington,
Defendant.
Armstrong, J.—Eddie and Eva Bloor purchased a home from Robert and Charmaine Fritz
through Lance Miller, an agent at LC Realty, Inc. After learning that the home was contaminated
by a methamphetamine lab, the Bloors sued the Fritzes, Miller, LAM Management, LC Realty,
and Cowlitz County.
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The trial court found that the Fritzes negligently
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No. 35740-2-II
misrepresented the condition of the property and that Miller failed to disclose a known material
fact about the property and negligently misrepresented its condition, thereby violating the
Consumer Protection Act (the Act). Miller and LC Realty argue that substantial evidence does
not support the trial court’s findings that Miller knew of the illegal drug manufacturing on the
property and failed to disclose it; they also argue that the Bloors failed to prove an Act violation.
The Fritzes argue that the trial court erred in (1) failing to dismiss the negligent misrepresentation
claim and (2) rescinding the real estate purchase and sale agreement. The Fritzes and Miller both
challenge the trial court’s damage and attorney fee awards. We hold that the trial court erred in
calculating damages in conjunction with rescinding the contract, specifically by granting the
Bloors more damages than necessary to restore them to their pre-contract position. Otherwise,
we find no error and, thus, affirm.
FACTS
Robert Fritz owned a home and approximately five acres of land on Spirit Lake Highway
in Cowlitz County. He and his wife, Charmaine, moved from the home in 2001 and hired LAM
Management, Inc. (LAM) to manage the property as a rental. Lance Miller and Jayson Brudvik
are co-owners and operators of LAM. Miller and Brudvik are also licensed real estate agents for
LC Realty, Inc.
In January 2004, Jason and Charles Waddington, Pam Jackson, and Sarah Holton
occupied the Spirit Lake property under a rental agreement through LAM. On January 30, the
Cowlitz-Wahkiakum Joint Narcotics Task Force executed a search warrant at the property. Task
force members discovered a marijuana growing operation in the house’s basement and implements
of methamphetamine manufacturing on and under the house’s rear deck and in a hot tub on the
deck. Although the task force processed the
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site as a methamphetamine lab, no one from the task force or any other law enforcement agency
notified the Cowlitz County Health Department, the Washington State Department of Health, or
any other state agency of the methamphetamine lab. The State charged Jason Waddington with
manufacturing marijuana and Charles Waddington with manufacturing methamphetamine.
On January 31, the task force issued a press release that identified the Spirit Lake property
as the site of the drug search, identified the people involved, and stated that the task force had
removed a marijuana growing operation and implements of a small methamphetamine lab from the
property. On February 1, the Longview Daily News published an article that reported the
information in the press release.
Charmaine learned of the police activity at the property and contacted numerous law
enforcement agencies to find out what had occurred at the property. On February 2, she
contacted the task force and spoke with Judy Conner, the support staff specialist. Connor told
Charmaine that the police had arrested people on the property and that the task force had
confiscated a marijuana grow operation and implements of a methamphetamine lab.
The following day, Charmaine spoke with Detective Darren Ullmann, a member of the
task force who had been present at the search. Ullmann told Charmaine that the task force had
removed implements of a methamphetamine lab from the property. Charmaine shared this
information with Robert. Miller also contacted law enforcement to learn the status of the
property and the arrests in the first few days of February.
LAM initiated eviction proceedings against the Waddington tenants, and they left the
property in February or March 2004. LAM subsequently re-rented the property for a short period
of time but evicted those tenants in May 2004. The Fritzes then decided to sell the property.
In preparation for the sale, the Fritzes
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cleaned the house, painted it, and changed the floor coverings. During this time, Charmaine
spoke with John and Jenae Cyr, who lived across the street from the property. Charmaine told
the Cyrs that she and her husband felt they were lucky that the Waddington tenants had not
cooked methamphetamine inside the house but had cooked it only on the back porch.
Eddie and Eva Bloor moved to Cowlitz County from Missouri in 2004, and began looking
for a home to purchase. Brudvik showed them the Spirit Lake property. The Bloors decided to
make an offer to buy the property. Miller represented both the Fritzes and the Bloors in the
transaction.
Robert completed a seller’s disclosure statement in which he represented that the property
had never been used as an illegal drug manufacturing site. Miller reviewed the disclosure
statement with the Bloors, but he did not disclose that the drug task force had discovered a
marijuana grow operation or methamphetamine lab on the property. The Fritzes accepted the
Bloors’ offer and the transaction closed in August 2004. The Bloors moved into the home shortly
thereafter.
In September, the Bloors’ son heard from a member of the community that the property
was known as a “drug house.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 20. The Bloors began investigating and
found an on-line version of the February 1 Daily News article. Eva contacted the task force,
where Sergeant Kevin Tate confirmed that the task force had confiscated a methamphetamine lab
at the property. She then contacted the Cowlitz County Health Department, where Audrey
Shaver confirmed that nobody had reported the lab to the health department and that it would
investigate the matter to determine what action it would take.
On October 22, Shaver told the Bloors that the health department had determined that the
property
was
contaminated
by
the
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2
The trial court dismissed LAM with prejudice.
methamphetamine manufacturing and was not fit for occupancy. She told the Bloors that they
could not remove their personal property from the house because of the risk of cross-
contamination. The Bloors left the residence as instructed, leaving nearly all their personal
belongings in the house and garage.
The health department posted an order prohibiting use of the property. The order stated
that the Bloors were financially responsible for the cost of remediation, that a certified
decontamination contractor would have to perform the remediation, and that use of the property
was subject to criminal charges. Occupancy of buildings contaminated by methamphetamine
manufacturing is dangerous to the health and safety of occupants.
The Bloors stayed with relatives until they could secure a place to live, eventually moving
to Spokane. They had to repurchase clothing, bedding, furniture, and other necessities. They
were unable to both support themselves and make their monthly mortgage payments. The Bloors
experienced emotional distress and anxiety due to the loss of their home, personal effects, and
keepsakes.
The Bloors sued the Fritzes, Miller, LAM Management,
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LC Realty, and Cowlitz County.
After a bench trial, the trial court ruled for the Bloors, awarding them damages jointly and
severally against all the defendants for emotional distress, loss of personal property, loss of
income, loss of use of the property, and damage to the Bloors’ credit. It also awarded the Bloors
$10,000 as punitive damages and $13,907.30 for attorney fees against Miller and LC Realty under
the Act. It ordered the contract between the Bloors and the Fritzes rescinded, requiring the
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Fritzes to pay the Bloors’ lender the purchase price, accrued interest, late charges, and foreclosure
fees, and the Bloors to return the property to the Fritzes. Finally, the trial court awarded the
Bloors $18,975.55 in expenses against the Fritzes and, applying a 1.2 multiplier, $125,335.25 in
attorney fees against the Fritzes, Miller, and LC Realty; it awarded the Bloors their statutory costs
against all defendants.
Miller and LC Realty (collectively Miller) principally argue that (1) insufficient evidence
supports the trial court’s findings that Miller knew about the meth lab, (2) the trial court erred in
finding that he violated the Act, and (3) the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees with a
multiplier and all the Bloors’ litigation expenses. In addition to joining Miller in several claimed
errors, the Fritzes principally argue that (1) the economic loss rule precludes the Bloors from
seeking damages for the tort of negligent misrepresentation, (2) the trial court erred in rescinding
the contract rather than awarding damages, and (3) the trial court erred in awarding damages for
emotional distress, income loss, and injury to the Bloors’ credit ratings. We hold that the trial
court erred only in awarding the Bloors damages beyond those necessary to restore them to their
pre-contract position.
ANALYSIS
Miller and LC Realty’s Appeal
I. Knowledge Of Methamphetamine Manufacturing
Miller argues that substantial evidence does not support the trial court’s findings regarding
his knowledge of the methamphetamine manufacturing at the Spirit Lake property.
He assigns error to the following findings of fact:
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X.
Jayson Brudvick saw the article published in the Longview Daily News on
Sunday, February 1, 2004, and contacted the Fritzes by telephone to notify them
and to get instructions on how to proceed with respect to evicting the tenants.
. . . .
XVI.
During the first few days of February 2004, Lance Miller contacted law
enforcement regarding the status of the Property and the arrests that were made at
the Property. During his contact, Lance Miller was informed of the marijuana
grow operation and the discovery of the meth lab. The denial by Lance Miller that
he was informed of the discovery of the implements used in meth manufacturing on
the Property is not credible.
. . . .
LIX.
Lance Miller listed the Property and entered it on the multiple listing
service. He also showed the Property to another prospective buyer, all without
revealing the history of illegal drug manufacturing at the Property. Miller knew of
the history of illegal drug manufacturing at the Property from one or all three of his
contacts with Jayson Brudvik from his report of the article in the newspaper, from
Charmaine Fritz relative to her contacts with the Task Force, and from his personal
contact with law enforcement. Miller also knew from his prior involvement with
property that had been contaminated by meth manufacture of the danger of
contamination with toxic chemicals from such operations. The denial by Miller of
his knowledge of the history of illegal drug manufacturing at the Property is not
credible.
. . . .
LXI.
Miller concealed his knowledge that the Property had been used for illegal
drug manufacturing when he announced his listing of the Property, and during his
marketing of the Property for the Fritzes. Miller knew of the history of illegal drug
manufacturing and of the potential contamination, knew that the Fritzes had not
disclosed it on their Disclosure Statement, and failed to disclose his personal
knowledge of the history of use of the Property for illegal drug manufacturing, or
of the potential contamination of the Property to the public, to a prospective buyer
of the Property that was interested in the Property at the same time as the Bloors,
or to the Bloors.
LXII.
The Bloors were damaged by Miller’s failure to disclose the history of drug
manufacturing at the Property. As shown by the investigation made by Eva Bloor
upon receiving information that drug activity had occurred at the Property,
Miller’s failure to disclose his knowledge of the drug activity on the Property to
the Bloors misled the Bloors and deprived them of essential information needed by
them to learn of the true condition of the Property. Had Miller revealed his
knowledge of the drug activity on the Property, the Bloors would have probably
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3
As with much of their evidence, the Bloors presented Brudvik’s deposition testimony at trial, but
they did not call Brudvik to testify.
made inquiry to law enforcement and the health department, which they did upon
receiving information of the history of such activity at the Property.
CP at 15, 17, 29-31.
Where the trial court has weighed the evidence, our review is limited to determining
whether substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings and, if so, whether the findings in
turn support the conclusions of law and the judgment. City of Tacoma v. State, 117 Wn.2d 348,
361, 816 P.2d 7 (1991). Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded
person of the truth of the finding. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Ctr. v. Holman, 107 Wn.2d
693, 712, 732 P.2d 974 (1987). If the evidence satisfies this standard, we will not substitute our
judgment for the trial court’s, even though we may have resolved disputed facts differently.
Sunnyside Valley Irrigation Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 879-80, 73 P.3d 369 (2003).
Miller argues that no evidence supports finding of fact X, that Brudvik read the February
1, Longview Daily News article about the search at the Spirit Lake property. He points out that
Brudvik did not testify about the date of the article he read or identify the February 1 article as the
article he read. Brudvik testified that he read in the Longview Daily News that there was a
“marijuana bust” at the property.
3
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 714. Although he did not recall
all the details from the article, he testified that he read the entire article, that he read it over a
weekend, and that he recognized the names reported in the article. He testified that he contacted
the Fritzes within a couple of days to discuss evicting the tenants. The February 1 article was
published on a Sunday and it named the three residents who had been arrested, Jason and Charles
Waddington and Sarah Holton. Robert testified that Brudvik called him on Monday, February 2,
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to discuss the newspaper article. This is substantial evidence to support a finding that Brudvik
read the February 1, Longview Daily News article.
Miller next contends that no evidence supports finding of fact XVI, that law enforcement
told Miller about discovering the methamphetamine lab and that Miller’s denial that he received
this information was not credible. He argues that law enforcement’s failure to report the lab to
the health department lends credibility to his assertion that no law enforcement officer told him of
the lab. He notes that no law enforcement officer testified about informing Miller, Brudvik, or LC
Realty about discovering the lab; nor was there evidence that he received a copy of a police report
describing the search and arrests.
Miller testified that he asked a law enforcement officer whether methamphetamine
manufacturing had occurred on the property and the officer said it had not. But officers involved
in the search testified that they would not have told someone there was no methamphetamine
manufacturing on the property when they did in fact find implements of a methamphetamine lab.
The trial court, as the finder of fact, determines disputed facts by weighing the credibility of
witnesses’ testimony. Bartel v. Zucktriegel, 112 Wn. App. 55, 62, 47 P.3d 581 (2002). We will
not disturb a trial court’s credibility determinations on appeal. Bartel, 112 Wn. App. at 62. The
trial court did not believe that a law enforcement officer would deny the existence of a known
methamphetamine lab when asked about it directly. The officers’ testimony provides substantial
support for this finding.
Miller next argues that no evidence supports finding of fact LIX, that Miller knew of the
history of illegal drug manufacturing on the property from his contacts with Brudvik, Charmaine,
and law enforcement and that his testimony to the contrary was not credible. He again asserts
that he did not learn of the methamphetamine
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manufacturing from law enforcement and that Brudvik did not learn of it from the news article.
Miller also argues that there is no evidence Charmaine told him about illegal drug manufacturing,
pointing to her testimony that she did not tell either Miller or Brudvik about methamphetamine lab
activity on the property.
We have, however, already rejected Miller’s challenges to the trial court’s findings that
Miller and Brudvik learned of the methamphetamine lab in the days following its discovery. And
the trial court did not believe Charmaine’s testimony that she did not know about the
methamphetamine lab. Miller testified that he discussed what Charmaine had learned from the
task force with Brudvik. Substantial evidence also supports this finding.
Miller next argues that no evidence supports finding of fact LXI, that he knew the Fritzes
did not disclose that the property had been used as an illegal drug manufacturing site in their
seller’s disclosure statement and did not disclose his personal knowledge to the contrary.
But Miller testified that he saw that Robert had marked “no” in response to the question
asking if the property had been used as an illegal drug manufacturing site. RP at 765-66. And he
does not challenge the trial court’s finding that, when he reviewed the seller’s disclosure
statement with the Bloors, he did not disclose the history of the task force search or the discovery
of the marijuana grow operation and methamphetamine lab implements. Unchallenged findings
are verities on appeal. Robel v. Roundup Corp., 148 Wn.2d 35, 42, 59 P.3d 611 (2002). Given
the finding that Miller knew of the methamphetamine manufacturing on the property, substantial
evidence supports a finding that he failed to disclose this knowledge to the Bloors.
Finally, Miller contends that no evidence supports finding of fact LXII, that his failure to
disclose his knowledge of the history of illegal drug manufacturing at the property damaged the
Bloors because it misled them and deprived
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them of information they needed to learn of the property’s true condition. He points out that the
purchase and sale agreement included a provision for a neighborhood inspection and that
information about the task force search and drug arrests was readily available in the public record.
Eva Bloor testified that, if the Fritzes had disclosed the illegal drug manufacturing at the
home, she might have changed her mind about buying the property. She would have asked
questions about the drug manufacturing, including what the drug was. She also would have
inquired with the health department. That the Bloors began investigating the property’s history as
soon as they learned of the illegal drugs supports a finding that if they had known earlier, they
would have investigated before closing the purchase. Again, substantial evidence supports this
finding of fact.
II. Failure To Disclose a Material Fact
Miller next argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he failed to disclose his
knowledge of the methamphetamine manufacturing as RCW 18.86.030 requires.
Under RCW 18.86.030(1)(d), a real estate agent has a duty to disclose “all existing
material facts known by the [agent] and not apparent or readily ascertainable to a party; provided
that this subsection shall not be construed to imply any duty to investigate matters that the [agent]
has not agreed to investigate.” A material fact is “information that substantially adversely affects
the value of the property or a party’s ability to perform its obligations in a real estate transaction,
or operates to materially impair or defeat the purpose of the transaction.” RCW 18.86.010(9).
But that a property is or was the site of “illegal drug activity . . . not adversely affecting the
physical condition of or title to the property is not a material fact.” RCW 18.86.010(9).
Miller bases his argument solely on his contention that he did not know of the
methamphetamine manufacturing on the
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4
Miller also argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he failed to disclose a material fact
without making a finding that the manufacture of marijuana is a material fact under RCW
18.86.010(9). Because the court found, however, that the manufacture of methamphetamine is a
material fact that Miller failed to disclose, such a finding was not necessary.
property. He does not assign error to the trial court’s conclusion that methamphetamine
manufacturing is a material fact that a real estate agent has a duty to disclose. Because substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s finding that Miller knew of the methamphetamine
manufacturing on the property, and that finding supports a conclusion that Miller violated his duty
to disclose known material facts about the property, Miller’s argument fails. The trial court did
not err in concluding that Miller violated RCW 18.86.030.
4
III. Negligent Misrepresentation
Miller contends that the trial court erred in concluding that his failure to disclose the
history of illegal drug manufacturing on the property was a negligent misrepresentation.
A plaintiff claiming negligent misrepresentation must prove by clear, cogent, and
convincing evidence that (1) the defendant supplied information for the guidance of others in their
business transactions that was false, (2) the defendant knew or should have known that the
information was supplied to guide the plaintiff in his business transactions, (3) the defendant was
negligent in obtaining or communicating the false information, (4) the plaintiff relied on the false
information, (5) the plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable, and (6) the false information proximately
caused the plaintiff damages. Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Baik, 147 Wn.2d 536, 545, 55 P.3d 619
(2002).
Miller again relies on his assertion that he did not know of the illegal drug manufacturing
on the property to argue that he was not negligent in communicating the false information to the
Bloors. Again, as with his argument under RCW 18.86.030, because substantial evidence
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supports the trial court’s finding that Miller knew of the illegal drug manufacturing on the
property, and Miller does not claim that he disclosed the drug problem to the Bloors, Miller’s
argument fails.
Miller points out that, under RCW 18.86.030(2), a real estate agent owes no duty to
independently verify the accuracy or completeness of a party’s statement unless otherwise agreed.
But because Miller actually knew of the illegal drug manufacturing, this standard does not apply.
The trial court did not err in concluding that Miller negligently misrepresented a material fact in
failing to disclose the illegal drug manufacturing on the property.
IV. Consumer Protection Act
Miller next argues that the trial court erred in concluding that he violated the Consumer
Protection Act.
Under the Act, “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or
commerce” are unlawful. RCW 19.86.020. To prevail in a private claim under the Act, a plaintiff
must establish five elements: (1) unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) occurring in trade or
commerce, (3) public interest impact, (4) injury to plaintiff in his or her business or property, and
(5) causation. Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 105 Wn.2d 778,
780, 719 P.2d 531 (1986). Whether particular actions give rise to a violation of the Act is a
question of law that we review de novo. Svendsen v. Stock, 143 Wn.2d 546, 553, 23 P.3d 455
(2001). Miller contends that the trial court erred in concluding that his conduct was unfair or
deceptive and that it impacted a public interest. He argues that the Fritzes’ home sale was an
isolated incident and that his conduct during the sale did not affect anyone other than the parties
to the contract.
To show that a party has engaged in an
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unfair or deceptive act or practice, a plaintiff “need not show that the act in question was intended
to deceive, but that the alleged act had the capacity to deceive a substantial portion of the public.”
Hangman Ridge, 105 Wn.2d at 785 (citing State v. Ralph Williams’ N.W. Chrysler Plymouth,
Inc., 87 Wn.2d 298, 553 P.2d 423 (1976)). Miller does not dispute that he advertised the
property for sale to the public by listing it in the multiple listing service directory and placing a for
sale sign on the property. He also showed the property to another prospective buyer before the
Fritzes accepted the Bloors’ offer. Miller did not disclose the history of illegal drug
manufacturing on the property to the Bloors or the other prospective purchaser, or on the
multiple listing service directory. Listing and showing the property without disclosing its history
of illegal drug manufacturing had the capacity to deceive any member of the public who used the
directory or expressed interest in the property.
Miller also argues that the trial court erred in concluding that his conduct impacted the
public interest because this is a private dispute with no likelihood that additional plaintiffs have
been or will be injured in the same way. But, while it may be more difficult for a plaintiff to show
a public impact from a private dispute, a dispute between a real estate agent and a property
purchaser may have a public impact.
In Svendsen, the court considered the effect of the seller disclosure statute on a real estate
agent’s liability under the Act. In that case, the seller’s agent knew of flooding problems on the
property. Svendsen, 143 Wn.2d at 551-52. Yet she instructed the seller to conceal the problem
in the seller disclosure form, and she also fraudulently concealed her own knowledge. Svendsen,
143 Wn.2d at 550-52. The court first noted that several cases decided before adoption of the
seller disclosure statute had held that “an agent’s failure to disclose a known material defect in the
sale of real property is a violation of the [Act].”
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5
For example, the Bloors’ initial offer was below the Fritzes’ asking price, but when Miller told
them that another party was interested in the property, they agreed to make a full price offer.
Svendsen, 143 Wn.2d at 556 (citing McRae v. Bolstad, 101 Wn.2d 161, 676 P.2d 496 (1984);
Robinson v. McReynolds, 52 Wn. App. 635, 762 P.2d 1166 (1988); Luxon v. Caviezel, 42 Wn.
App. 261, 710 P.2d 809 (1985)). The court concluded that the seller disclosure statute did not
change this rule but, instead, preserved a cause of action under the Act where it exists
independent of the seller disclosure statement. Svendsen, 143 Wn.2d at 558.
The court then considered whether the buyer had established the public interest element.
It addressed the following factors: (1) whether the acts were committed in the course of
defendant’s business, (2) whether the defendants advertised to the public, (3) whether the
defendant actively solicited the plaintiff, and (4) whether the parties occupied unequal bargaining
positions. Svendsen, 143 Wn.2d at 559 (citing Hangman Ridge, 105 Wn.2d at 790-91). If
present, these factors show a likelihood that additional plaintiffs have been or will be injured in the
same manner. Hangman Ridge, 105 Wn.2d at 790-91. No single factor is dispositive, nor is it
necessary that a buyer prove all factors. Hangman Ridge, 105 Wn.2d at 791. The Svendsen
court concluded that the buyer had established a public interest impact. Svendsen, 143 Wn.2d at
559.
Here, Miller, acting as a real estate agent, failed to disclose a known material fact, a
history of illegal drug manufacturing, in the sale of the property to the Bloors. His conduct
occurred in the course of his business of offering residential property for sale to the public. He
advertised the property for sale to the public by listing it on the multiple listing service directory
and placing a for sale sign on the property. And, although he did not actively solicit the Bloors,
the record shows that the parties did not occupy equal bargaining positions.
5
The trial court did
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6
Miller also faults the trial court for concluding that marijuana production is also illegal drug
manufacturing and that Miller’s denial that it is a material fact he was required to disclose was a
threat to the public’s health and safety. But because Miller’s failure to disclose the
methamphetamine manufacturing at the property was an independent basis for finding a consumer
protection violation, we do not reach this issue.
not err in finding that Miller’s conduct impacted a public interest.
6
These findings support the
trial court’s conclusion that Miller violated the Act.
The Fritzes’ Appeal
I. Negligent Misrepresentation
The Fritzes argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion to dismiss the Bloors’
negligent misrepresentation claim, asserting that no claim exists for economic loss resulting from
the sale of a residence. They assert that the Washington Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Alejandre v. Bull, 159 Wn.2d 674, 153 P.3d 864 (2007), reversed the Court of Appeals decision
that the Bloors relied on below to argue to the contrary and decided this “precise issue.” Br. of
App. at 15.
The Bloors maintain, however, that the Fritzes did not raise the economic loss rule before
the trial court and that, under RAP 2.5(a), we should not consider the issue. They assert that they
relied on the Court of Appeals decision in Alejandre only for the proposition that a common law
cause of action exists for failure to disclose information in a seller’s disclosure statement. The
Fritzes respond that they implicitly raised the economic loss rule by arguing in their motion to
dismiss that the Bloors had not proved a special relationship between the parties, an element of a
negligent misrepresentation claim.
The economic loss rule bars recovery for an alleged breach of tort duties where a
contractual relationship exists and the losses are economic. Alejandre, 159 Wn.2d at 683.
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Economic losses are those losses arising directly from the defect, such as repair costs for defective
construction. See Atherton Condo. Apartment-Owners Ass’n Bd. of Dirs. v. Blume Dev. Co., 115
Wn.2d 506, 526, 799 P.2d 250 (1990). But the economic loss rule does not bar recovery for
personal injury or damage to property other than the defective property. Alejandre, 159 Wn.2d at
684.
Although the Fritzes argued lack of a “special relationship” in their motion to dismiss,
nothing in that argument alerted the trial court that Fritzes were also arguing the economic loss
rule as a bar to the tort claim. The Fritzes were essentially arguing that the Bloors had failed to
prove one element of their negligent misrepresentation claim. That argument did not include the
entirely different notion that the Bloors’ tort claim might be barred by the economic loss rule. We
conclude that the Fritzes waived their economic loss argument by not raising it before the trial
court. RAP 2.5(a); Better Fin. Solutions Inc. v. Caicos Corp., 117 Wn. App. 899, 912-13, 73
P.3d 424 (2003).
II. Rescission
The Fritzes next argue that the trial court erred in rescinding the real estate purchase and
sale agreement. They maintain that rescission was inappropriate because there was not a
complete failure of consideration and the cost to cure the defect was slight compared to the
purchase price of the property.
Contract rescission is an equitable remedy in which the court attempts to restore the
parties to the positions they would have occupied had they not entered into the contract.
Hornback v. Wentworth, 132 Wn. App. 504, 513, 132 P.3d 778 (2006), review granted, 158
Wn.2d 1025 (2007). We review a trial court’s decision to rescind a contract for an abuse of
discretion. Hornback, 132 Wn. App. at 513.
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A court sitting in equity has broad discretion to shape relief. Hough v. Stockbridge, 150 Wn.2d
234, 236, 76 P.3d 216 (2003).
In their closing argument, the Bloors stated that they preferred rescission of the contract
over contractual damages, and the trial court ordered rescission in its oral decision. When the
parties expressed confusion as to how rescission would work, the court directed the parties to
work out the details and to advise the court if they could not. The Bloors later told the trial court
that the parties had concluded that rescission was not feasible because the Fritzes would be unable
to return the purchase price to the Bloors. Accordingly, the Bloors requested damages for the
cost of decontamination and restoration of the property instead. The Fritzes agreed with the
change. Yet at the next hearing, the Fritzes told the court that they preferred rescission over
contractual damages and that they were “willing and able” to go forward with rescission. RP at
1462, 1469-70. The trial court continued the hearing to allow the Bloors to consider whether
they were willing to accept rescission as their remedy. The Bloors elected to return to the
rescission remedy.
Given the trial court’s broad discretion in shaping an equitable remedy, we cannot say that
the trial court abused its discretion in ordering rescission. The Fritzes requested rescission after
the Bloors had agreed to accept contractual damages, also at the Fritzes’ request. Although the
Bloors’ attorney expressed frustration with the Fritzes’ shifting position, the Bloors agreed to
return to the rescission remedy. A party cannot set up an error below and then complain of it on
appeal. Casper v. Esteb Enters., Inc., 119 Wn. App. 759, 771, 82 P.3d 1223 (2004). Moreover,
the Fritzes did not argue before the trial court that there was not a complete failure of
consideration or that the cost to remediate the property was not high enough to justify rescission.
Rescinding the contract put the Bloors as close
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No. 35740-2-II
as possible to the position they would have been in had they never purchased the property. The
trial court did not err in rescinding the real estate purchase and sale agreement.
The Fritzes argue in the alternative that the trial court erred in awarding the Bloors
interest on the total purchase price of $149,000 and lender fees as part of the rescission remedy
because to do so goes beyond restoring the parties to their original positions. They focus on the
fact that the Bloors financed the entire purchase price of the property and made only one
mortgage payment before they left the house due to the contamination.
The trial court ordered the Fritzes to pay the $149,000 purchase price; $38,555.13 of
interest on the purchase price, accrued at the statutory rate of 12 percent per annum from the date
the health department posted the property as unfit for habitation; and late charges and foreclosure
costs of $9,231.89—a total of $196,787.02—into the court’s registry. When payment to the
court was complete, the court would order the funds disbursed to the Bloors’ lender to satisfy the
debt secured by the property with any excess funds going to the Bloors. The court would then
enter a decree quieting title to the property in the Fritzes.
Upon completing the contract, the Fritzes received the full purchase price from the
Bloors’ lender and the Bloors became indebted to the lender for that amount. But the Bloors did
not lose the use of $149,000 by financing the purchase. Rather, the Bloors incurred $149,000 of
debt to purchase the property. Thus, the Bloors were not entitled to interest on the $149,000
because they would not have had the funds to invest if the purchase had not gone through. See
Jones v. Best, 134 Wn.2d 232, 242, 950 P.2d 1 (1998) (purpose of prejudgment interest is to
compensate a party for the loss of use of money to which he was entitled). To restore the Bloors
to their pre-contract position, the Fritzes must pay the $149,000 debt together with the unpaid
interest that has actually accrued, penalties, and
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No. 35740-2-II
foreclosure costs the lender assessed against the Bloors. The Bloors are not entitled to any excess
funds. After the Fritzes demonstrate that they have paid all these obligations, they are entitled to
an order quieting title to the property.
III. Damages
A.
Loss Of Income and Damage To Credit Rating
The Fritzes next argue that insufficient evidence supports the trial court’s award of
damages for loss of income and damage to the Bloors’ credit rating.
They assign error to the following findings of fact:
XLVIII.
Due to the financial burden of setting up a new household and
reestablishing their lives, the Bloors were unable to make payments on the
underlying indebtedness secured by the Property. As a result of the Bloors’
inability to pay their loan obligations, the beneficiaries under the Deed of Trust that
secured the purchase money loan to the Bloors initiated foreclosure proceedings,
which proceedings were suspended on several occasions while this litigation was
pending. Additional penalties and interest have accumulated on the debts owed by
the Bloors.
. . . .
LIII.
When they purchased the Property in July 2004, the median credit score for
Ed Bloor was 666 and the median credit score for Eva Bloor was 647. Due to the
loss by the Bloors of their home and belongings, and their resulting inability to
make the required monthly payments on their loans, as of April, 2006, Ed Bloor’s
credit score had fallen to 569 and Eva Bloor’s credit score had fallen to 552. The
cause of the difference between the credit scores in July, 2004 and the credit
scores in April, 2006 was the reporting of the Property foreclosure proceedings
and other associated debts that were proximately caused by the Bloors’ loss of
their home and belongings due to the discovery of the meth contamination.
LIV.
Due to the reduction of the Bloors’ credit scores it is reasonably certain
that for at least the next ten (10) years the Bloors will suffer economic loss when
they apply for credit. A reasonable estimate of the loss they will suffer from the
damage to their credit scores can be made based on the increased cost they will
likely than not [sic] incur to acquire and pay a home purchase loan. The reduced
credit scores the Bloors now have will result in them having to pay approximately
one percentage point more in interest on a home loan, which translates to a current
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No. 35740-2-II
loss of $10,000.00, when the added cost of the loan over the normal amortization
period of the loan is reduced to present cash value. This loss is reasonably certain
and based on reliable statistical data provided by Robert Moss, the Bloor’s [sic]
economic expert witness.
LV.
Ed Bloor was unable to work for at least three months due to the
contamination of the Property and the loss of his tools and equipment. His
average [monthly] income prior to the discovery of the contamination was
$2,500.00. He lost approximately three months income and thus, his income loss
due to his inability to work was $7,500.00.
CP at 26-28.
The Fritzes argue that the evidence shows that the Bloors did not have sufficient savings
or income to pay their mortgage payments when the health department posted the property as
unfit for habitation. They maintain that Ed Bloor’s loss of income was due to the fact that he had
not yet started working after moving from Missouri. And they assert that the damage to the
Bloors’ credit ratings was due to their poor financial condition and history of poor financial
responsibility.
Ed Bloor testified that in the weeks after he moved into the house, he obtained a business
license in order to start a siding business and was in the process of obtaining a bond for it. He
owned all the tools necessary for siding and stored them in the garage at the Spirit Lake property.
While he prepared to start his business, he performed remodeling work, earning a couple
thousand dollars. But because the garage where he stored his tools was contaminated, he had to
abandon his tools when he left the house and was unable to start a siding business or continue the
remodeling work. Ed Bloor obtained employment in April 2005, after moving to Spokane, in a
position where he did not need his siding tools. His average monthly income in Spokane was
$2,500. Robert Moss, the Bloors’ financial expert, testified that the average length of
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No. 35740-2-II
unemployment in Washington is three months. This evidence supports the finding that Ed Bloor
lost $7,500 in income due to the contamination of the property.
In addition to leaving behind Ed Bloor’s siding tools, the Bloors were unable to remove
their clothing, bedding, furniture, cooking utensils, or personal items from the home. They had to
replace all these items. Ed Bloor testified that they used the funds they had at the time to “try to
get [their] life back to where [they] could live.” RP at 370. This evidence, along with the
evidence about Ed Bloor’s loss of income, supports the finding that the Bloors were unable to
make the mortgage payments because of the property contamination.
The Fritzes do not dispute that the Bloors’ credit ratings dropped by about 100 points
each from the time they bought the house to the time of trial, but the Fritzes attribute that drop to
the Bloors’ history of poor financial management rather than the loss of the house. Yet the
Fritzes do not explain how the Bloors’ past financial mismanagement would cause a current drop
in their credit ratings. The Bloors’ expert testified that a 100-point drop in credit rating would
cause a buyer to incur about $10,000 more in interest costs over the first 7 years of a loan. The
Fritzes offered nothing to rebut this testimony, which supports the finding that the drop in the
Bloors’ credit ratings caused the Bloors damages.
B.
Emotional Distress
The Fritzes contend that the trial court erred in awarding the Bloors damages for
emotional distress, arguing that emotional distress damages are not available for rescission of a
contract or breach of a contract and repeating their argument that the economic loss rule bars
damages for negligent misrepresentation.
But the trial court specified that it awarded emotional distress damages as a consequence
of the negligent misrepresentation, not under a
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No. 35740-2-II
contract theory. And we have already declined to consider the Fritzes’ argument that the
economic loss rule bars the Bloors’ recovery for negligent misrepresentation.
The Fritzes do not challenge the trial court’s findings of fact in support of emotional
distress damages. These include that the Bloors suffered from anxiety and discomfort as a result
of the loss of their home, personal effects, and keepsakes. Ed Bloor experienced symptoms of
depression, his sister noticed changes in his personality, and he blamed himself for what had
happened and felt like he had let his family down. Eva Bloor also experienced anxiety, resulting
in a trip to the emergency room because she thought she was having a heart attack. A doctor
diagnosed her with anxiety and panic attacks and prescribed medication to reduce her anxiety.
The trial court did not err in awarding emotional distress damages.
C.
Litigation Expenses
The Fritzes argue that the trial court erred in awarding the Bloors their litigation expenses
beyond the statutory costs allowed in RCW 4.84.010. We review a trial court’s award of
attorney fees and costs for abuse of discretion. Schmidt v. Cornerstone Invs., Inc., 115 Wn.2d
148, 169, 795 P.2d 1143 (1990).
Under RCW 4.84.010, “there shall be allowed to the prevailing party upon the judgment
certain sums by way of indemnity for the prevailing party’s expenses in the action, which
allowances are termed costs, including, in addition to costs otherwise authorized by law, the
following expenses . . . .” And in an action on a contract that specifically provides for the award
of attorney fees and costs to the prevailing party, the prevailing party is “entitled to reasonable
attorney’s fees in addition to costs and necessary disbursements.” RCW 4.84.330.
Here, the real estate purchase and sale agreement provided, “If Buyer or Seller institutes
suit against the other concerning this
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No. 35740-2-II
Agreement, the prevailing party is entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses.” Ex. at 41.
The trial court found that the term “expenses” was broader than the term “costs” and that it
expressed the parties’ intent to allow the prevailing party to recover all of the expenses arising
from the breach of the contract or attempts to enforce the contract. The trial court ordered the
Fritzes to pay the Bloors $18,975.55 in expenses. This amount included the Bloors’ expert
witness fees, court reporter fees, travel expenses, mediation expenses, and other expenses.
The Fritzes rely on our recent opinion in Paradiso v. Drake, 135 Wn. App. 329, 143 P.3d
859 (2006), review denied, 160 Wn.2d 1024 (2007), to argue that the language in the real estate
purchase and sale agreement entitles the Bloors only to statutory costs as defined in RCW
4.84.010. But we addressed attorney fees only in the unpublished portion of that opinion.
Citation to this part of the opinion was improper. GR 14.1. Moreover, the attorney fee section
of that opinion does not address any distinction between statutory costs and other expenses.
Our primary goal in interpreting a contract is to ascertain the parties’ intent. Paradise
Orchards Gen. P’ship v. Fearing, 122 Wn. App. 507, 516, 94 P.3d 372 (2004). The Fritzes do
not assign error to the trial court’s finding that the parties intended the term “expenses” to include
costs other than those that RCW 4.84.010 defines. This finding supports the trial court’s award
of additional expenses under the contract.
The Fritzes also fault the trial court for failing to apportion the cost of transcribing
deposition transcripts based on the portions used at trial. The Bloors’ attorney stated, however,
that he calculated the percentage of each deposition transcript read into the record at trial and
apportioned the costs accordingly. The Fritzes did not object to the Bloors’ calculation. The
Fritzes cannot now complain that the trial court used the Bloors’ calculation.
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No. 35740-2-II
Attorney Fees
I. Segregation Of Claims
The Fritzes contend that the trial court erred in awarding the Bloors their attorney fees
against the Fritzes and Miller jointly and severally, arguing that the trial court should have
segregated the fees it awarded for each claim, excluded fees for claims that did not give rise to an
award of attorney fees, and excluded duplicative and unnecessary work.
In Washington, a party may recover attorney fees only when a statute, contract, or
recognized ground of equity permits recovery. Panorama Vill. Condo. Owners Ass’n Bd. of
Dirs. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 144 Wn.2d 130, 143, 26 P.3d 910 (2001). Whether a party is entitled
to an award of attorney fees is a question of law that we review de novo. Tradewell Group, Inc.
v. Mavis, 71 Wn. App. 120, 126, 857 P.2d 1053 (1993). Whether the fee award is reasonable is a
matter of discretion for the trial court, which we will alter only if we find an abuse of discretion.
Scott Fetzer Co. v. Weeks, 122 Wn.2d 141, 147, 859 P.2d 1210 (1993).
The trial court found that there was no basis to award attorney fees against Cowlitz
County. But contrary to the Fritzes’ assertions, the trial court excluded the time the Bloors’
attorneys spent exclusively on claims against Cowlitz County from the attorney fee calculation.
A trial court may require a plaintiff to segregate its attorney fees between successful and
unsuccessful claims. Kastanis v. Educ. Employees Credit Union, 122 Wn.2d 483, 501-02, 859
P.2d 26, 865 P.2d 507 (1993). If the claims are unrelated, the court should award only the fees
attributable to the recovery. Blair v. Wash. State Univ., 108 Wn.2d 558, 572, 740 P.2d 1379
(1987). But where the attorney fees for successful and unsuccessful claims are inseparable, the
trial court may award the plaintiff all its fees. Blair, 108 Wn.2d at 572.
Although there is no finding of fact that
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No. 35740-2-II
the Bloors’ claims were inseparable, the trial court stated, in considering whether to apply a
lodestar enhancement, “The unsuccessful claim against LAM Management, I don’t think that can
really be segregated too much from what was claimed here. It would be virtually impossible to
segregate that out in my view. . . .” RP at 1440. The Bloors’ attorney also stated to the court
that it would be “almost impossible” to segregate the time spent on the various claims. RP at
1447-48. The claims arose out of the same set of facts and involved interactions between the
defendants. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in not segregating the Bloors’ attorney
fees.
Also contrary to the Fritzes’ assertions, the trial court excluded hours that it found to be
duplicative or unnecessary, including 13 hours of the time it took to draft the complaint and the
hours that a second attorney spent attending depositions.
II. Lodestar Multiplier
Finally, Miller contends that the trial court erred in applying a 1.2 multiplier to its award of
attorney fees against Miller and the Fritzes, arguing that the evidence does not support the trial
court’s findings in support of enhancing the attorney fee award.
Miller assigns error to the following findings of fact relevant to this issue:
LXV.
The declarations submitted by the Bloors’ attorneys show that they
expended over 800 hours in the prosecution of the Bloor’s [sic] claims. The
Bloors did not have the money to hire their attorneys and pay for their
representation. The Bloors’ attorneys, expecting the defendants to capitulate,
accepted the representation on a contingent fee basis and, when the defendants
failed to accept responsibility, the attorneys assumed significant business risk that
they would not be paid. Although the Bloors paid the filing fee and some of the
service fees, they were unable to pay any of the remaining expenses, and had they
not prevailed at trial, the Bloors’ attorneys faced substantial risk that they would
not be paid their fees or the significant expenses and costs they advanced.
. . . .
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No. 35740-2-II
LXXIII.
The claim of damage to the Bloors’ credit was a novel issue presented by
the Bloors’ attorneys and the claim against Cowlitz County based on its failure to
comply with the requirements of reporting under RCW 64.44 et seq., the
contaminated properties statute, was unusual and was apparently the first such
claim against a governmental entity made under that statute.
LXXIV.
Plaintiffs’ case was legally complex with multiple legal theories presented
against multiple Defendants. Plaintiffs’ case was complicated by having to prove
that the Fritzes and Miller had knowledge of the use of the Property for illegal
drug manufacturing using circumstantial evidence.
. . . .
LXXVI.
The many hours expended on the prosecution of the Bloors’ claims
necessarily precluded the Bloors’ attorneys from other employment opportunities
that would have otherwise been available.
. . . .
LXXXII.
Some of the issues involved in the Bloors [sic] claims were novel. Cowlitz
County is a member of the task force that conducted the search and arrests leading
to the discovery of the meth lab, and task force members failed to report the
discovery to the Cowlitz County Health Department, as required by law.
Determining that Cowlitz County was the liable entity for such failure required
careful investigation and development of the Bloors [sic] claims, and overcoming
the defenses claimed by Cowlitz County, including the claim of public duty
doctrine. The case was complex in that the Bloors had to prove multiple acts and
omissions of the four defendants, and the Fritzes and Miller steadfastly denied their
commission of such omissions and acts. The persistent resistance of the Fritzes
and Miller to acknowledge liability, the time and labor required to prosecute the
claims, the necessity of an expeditious resolution and time sensitivity of the claims
required diligent and determined prosecution of the Bloors [sic] claims. The
Bloors [sic] claims were also undesirable because of their inability to pay their
attorneys, their residence in Spokane, the relative difficulty of communication with
them, and the resources the defendants were willing to expend to defend against
the claims. These factors, the uncertainty of recovery and the contingent nature of
the representation all support an enhancement of the attorney fees to be awarded.
An enhancement based on a multiplier of 1.2 should be made to the hourly rates
applied to the allowed hours expended by the Bloors’ attorneys prior to the date
the Court announced its oral ruling.
CP at 32, 35, 37.
Under the lodestar method of calculating an award of attorney fees, the court must first
determine that counsel expended a reasonable
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No. 35740-2-II
number of hours in securing a successful recovery for the client and that the hourly rate counsel
billed the client was reasonable. Mahler v. Szucs, 135 Wn.2d 398, 434, 957 P.2d 632, 966 P.2d
305 (1998). The court must exclude any wasteful or duplicative hours. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at
434. The lodestar fee is the reasonable number of hours incurred in obtaining the successful result
multiplied by the reasonable hourly rate. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 434.
The court presumes that the lodestar amount is a reasonable fee. Henningsen v.
Worldcom, Inc., 102 Wn. App. 828, 847, 9 P.3d 948 (2000). But in rare instances, the court
may, in its discretion, adjust the lodestar amount up or down to adjust for factors that the lodestar
calculation has not already taken into account. Mahler, 135 Wn.2d at 434; Henningsen, 102 Wn.
App. at 847. These factors include the contingent nature of success in the case and the quality of
the legal representation. Bowers v. Transamerica Title Ins. Co., 100 Wn.2d 581, 593-94, 675
P.2d 193 (1983).
Here, the Bloors requested a 1.5 multiplier on the attorney fee award. The trial court
found that the complexity of the case, the fact that it presented novel issues, the contingent nature
of success, the high quality of representation, and the loss of other work made an enhancement
appropriate. But because several of these factors were not relevant to the claims on which it
awarded fees, it concluded that a 1.2 multiplier was appropriate.
Miller argues that there is no evidence, other than a single attorney’s declaration, to
support the finding that the Bloors presented novel claims and that the declaration is insufficient
to support the finding.
The Bloors asked a local attorney with at least 15 years’ experience in real estate matters
to provide an opinion on the reasonableness of their attorney fee request. He opined that one
reason to apply a lodestar multiplier was the
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No. 35740-2-II
novelty of two of the Bloors’ claims, the liability of the County for failure to report the
methamphetamine lab and the damage to the Bloors’ credit rating. The attorney explained that he
had no prior experience with either claim. Miller points out that there is no evidence in the record
that no other county has been sued for failing to report a methamphetamine lab. But the local
attorney’s testimony that he had no experience with such claims supports the trial court’s finding
that the issues were novel. In addition, Miller and the Fritzes admitted to some novelty in the
Bloors’ credit rating damage claim by challenging its admissibility on the basis that no court had
previously allowed such testimony. Substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding.
Miller also challenges the trial court’s finding that the case was complex, arguing that
multiple defendants and multiple claims do not alone make a case complex. Again, the Bloors’
expert opined that the case was complex. And the trial court stated,
This was a complicated case, at least from my perspective. I find it a little unusual
that the defense would say this isn’t complex now when it was pretty complicated
at the time. There were numerous issues here and a liability and damages portion
between several parties. I viewed it as a complex case, presenting a number of
issues versus different parties.
RP at 1438. The Bloors’ attorneys spent more than 800 hours over 24 months to prepare the
case; the parties took 6 days to try it. Three hearings were required to complete the findings of
fact and conclusions of law. Together, these factors support the trial court’s conclusion that the
case was complex.
Miller argues that the evidence does not support a finding that recovery was uncertain,
asserting that recovery against Cowlitz County was almost certain. But the trial court found that
the other defendants were “steadfast in their denial of responsibility,” and the lack of direct
evidence against Miller and the Fritzes created “significant difficulty” in the case. CP at 32. The
trial court also found that the quality of all
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No. 35740-2-II
parties’ representation, including Miller’s and the Fritzes’, was high. Even if recovery against the
County was almost certain, substantial evidence supports a finding that recovery against Miller
and the Fritzes was uncertain.
Miller also challenges the trial court’s finding that the many hours the Bloors’ attorneys
worked on the case precluded them from other employment opportunities. As noted above, the
trial court found that the Bloors’ attorneys spent over 800 hours working on the case over 24
months. The trial court noted that this factor takes into account whether an attorney turns down
“more sure things or sure-fire payment to accept this case which is not, was not from the
beginning a sure thing.” RP at 1439-40. The trial court also found that the Bloors’ attorneys
expected the defendants to concede liability and when they did not, the attorneys had to continue
with the case. Miller does not explain how the Bloors’ attorneys could have worked on other
cases with more certain recovery at the same time they spent over 800 hours on this case.
Substantial evidence supports this finding of fact.
The trial court considered appropriate factors in considering whether to adjust the lodestar
amount, and it did not abuse its discretion in deciding to apply a 1.2 multiplier.
III. Attorney Fees on Appeal
The Bloors request their attorney fees on appeal under RAP 18.1. Where a statute or
contract allows an award of attorney fees at trial, an appellate court has authority to award fees
on appeal. Standing Rock Homeowners Ass’n v. Misich, 106 Wn. App. 231, 247, 23 P.3d 520
(2001); Reeves v. McClain, 56 Wn. App. 301, 311, 783 P.2d 606 (1989) (citing W. Coast
Stationary Eng’rs Welfare Fund v. City of Kennewick, 39 Wn. App. 466, 694 P.2d 1101 (1985)).
The trial court awarded the Bloors their attorney fees under the real estate purchase and sale
agreement and the Act. Because they have
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No. 35740-2-II
prevailed on appeal, we award the Bloors their attorney fees under RAP 18.1 in an amount to be
set by a commissioner of this court.
We affirm but vacate the damage award and remand for the trial court to enter new
judgment for the Bloors consistent with this opinion.
Armstrong, J.
We concur:
Houghton, C.J.
Quinn-Brintnall, J.
31